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we fabricated three elastomeric sensors from conductive polymers onto a conductive double-sided adhesive (double-sided) and passed through a commercial critical point dryer at 90c on the non-adhesive side to prevent percolation of conductive agent. the three sensors were cut into 7×12mm tiles, placed on the dorsal side of the back of a turntable, and left to dry overnight. each sensor tile was then glued to an inductive antenna with conductive glue. the elastomeric sensors were able to reliably track the changes in spinal posture (fig. 3 c), even in the presence of body movements (supplementary fig. 20 c, d).to record electromyographic (emg) signals, three pairs of skin surface sensors were placed onto the bicep, tricep, and sternum of a subject during a full-range of spine rotation (fig. 3 d), yielding detailed quantitative information on the muscle activation patterns for each segment of the spine. to confirm selective activation of muscles upon neck rotation, four commercially available neck strain sensors (parker) were used to record muscle strain during 2d displacement of a single vertebra ( fig. 3 e). higher activation patterns were seen only when the neck was rotated in the desired direction, whereas no pattern was observed when the neck was not rotated, indicating that the selected sensors were able to record strain changes of tissues upon neck rotation.to demonstrate wireless closed-loop spinal posture control, the spine sensor network was connected to a battery-powered 12-channel wireless system (fig. 3 f, supplementary fig. 21 ). we used this system to control a 3d printed robotic hand to reach and grasp objects placed at various distances from the subject. we demonstrated 3d movement of the robotic hand 48 and real-time spine postural tracking and control of the robotic hand in a constrained environment using the elastomeric skin-mountable sensor network.fig. 3 (a) photograph of sensors demonstrating wireless sensing of spinal posture and wireless control of a 3d-printed robotic hand for selective feeding. (b) 3d model of the elastomeric strain sensor embedded on the dorsal side of the spinal muscles. (c) wireless recording of spinal posture during head movement. (d) wireless recording of muscle activity during 12 degree rotation of a single vertebra (cervical spine). (e) pattern of muscle activation during 2d displacement of a single vertebra. (f) wireless control of a 3d-printed robotic hand for selective feeding with real-time recording of spine posture. the red line shows the position of the joints. copyright © 2015 biomediware limited. all rights reserved. cellular mobile communication by lee, harris, herranz, trinkle, devirgili, taylor, baker, lugo, kinney, atkinson, kim, yang, contreras, diamond, larson, cook, schultz, wiley, buss, sosnovsky, zhang. journal of molecular visualization advance online publication, 10 january 2015;http://dx.doi.org/10.
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