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The internal combustion engine, which was the prime mover of the first generation of CHP systems, was superseded by gas engines, which were more efficient, and proved more reliable. The gas engines also have the advantages of more efficient combustion and a wider torque range, which makes them suitable for use in CHP systems. One of the key constraints on adoption of gas turbines in CHP is the short life of the turbines, which can be overcome by employing one or more concepts of forced cooling. Other potential solutions for enhancing the life of the gas turbine in CHP systems include progressive cooling of the turbine blades, advanced materials, and the addition of waste heat recovery.The gas engines have a slow start up time compared to internal combustion engines, and its inertia makes it suitable for fixed sources, like hospitals, airports, schools, and powerhouses. On the contrary, the gas engines are more efficient for variable sources such as heat demand of the household, industries, and non-power consumers. This aspect of efficiency makes the gas engine a cost effective option for intermittent sources. Because of its low efficiency, the gas engine-based CHP units require higher power ratings, and the size of the gas turbines used for CHP applications are about 4 times the size of the gas engine itself. The gas engines are further used with oxygen enrichment technologies, which means that combustion involves lower temperatures and high NOx emissions. In addition to in-cylinder stratification, gas engines can also achieve in-cylinder stratification through the introduction of a swirl inducer into the intake. On the other hand, adiabatic stratified combustion in gas engines can be obtained by blowing air around the intake. Gas turbines can be further enhanced by integration of waste heat recovery. A PTCR-based solution offers another way to avoid the high conversion temperatures, without compromising the thermal efficiency. The lower rate of growth of gas engines compared to internal combustion engines, alongside their efficiency and reliability, have made them more suitable for CHP applications. Also, the competitive pricing of gas engines offers CHP buyers significant savings.
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