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Through a careful analysis, it was demonstrated that surface microstructures were beneficial for enhancing the heat and mass transfer between a spray droplet and a surface. However, all these studies were conducted on smooth surface structures, and a general conclusion is that the surface structure must be large in size and spacing to provide a good heat and mass transfer enhancement. These studies also revealed that the appropriate combination of rough surface roughness and structural dimensions and spacing need to be designed to enhance the spray cooling performance.Tang et al. [ 129 ] examined the heat transfer performance of a water droplet on a copper plate treated with superhydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) patches deposited via a low-temperature atmospheric pressure-chemical vapor deposition method, at two different temperatures, namely, room temperature of 25C and a high temperature of 70C. The heat transfer rates showed an average increase of approximately 50%. Subsequently, they designed a micropillar-nanofiber-coated copper plate with a superhydrophobic surface, which could withstand high temperature with a much less amount of water. They also studied the droplet flow on these surfaces and found that water droplets were repelled from the surface at the substrate temperature of 50C when the contact angle was as low as 70 and that the repelling behavior increased with the contact angle. The observed repelling behavior could be attributed to the water-repellent nanofibers, which could have increased the contact area with the liquid and reduced the air content beneath the droplet.
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